Black Pepper: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

Al Bataina, B. A., Maslat, A. O., and Al Kofahil, M. M. Element analysis and biological studies on ten oriental spices using XRF and Ames test. J Trace Elem.Med Biol. 2003;17(2):85-90. View abstract.

Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol.Res. 2006;99(4):466-472. View abstract.

Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. Persistency of larvicidal effects of plant oil extracts under different storage conditions. Parasitol.Res. 2006;99(4):473-477. View abstract.

Chaubey, M. K. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from some common spices against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Oleo.Sci 2008;57(3):171-179. View abstract.

Chaudhry, N. M. and Tariq, P. Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral isolates. Pak.J Pharm Sci 2006;19(3):214-218. View abstract.

Dearlove, R. P., Greenspan, P., Hartle, D. K., Swanson, R. B., and Hargrove, J. L. Inhibition of protein glycation by extracts of culinary herbs and spices. J Med Food 2008;11(2):275-281. View abstract.

Farag, S. E. and Abo-Zeid, M. Degradation of the natural mutagenic compound safrole in spices by cooking and irradiation. Nahrung 1997;41(6):359-361. View abstract.

George, D. R., Sparagano, O. A., Port, G., Okello, E., Shiel, R. S., and Guy, J. H. Repellence of plant essential oils to Dermanyssus gallinae and toxicity to the non-target invertebrate Tenebrio molitor. Vet.Parasitol. 5-26-2009;162(1-2):129-134. View abstract.

Hasegawa, G. R. Proposals for chemical weapons during the American Civil War. Mil.Med. 2008;173(5):499-506. View abstract.

Hashim, S., Aboobaker, V. S., Madhubala, R., Bhattacharya, R. K., and Rao, A. R. Modulatory effects of essential oils from spices on the formation of DNA adduct by aflatoxin B1 in vitro. Nutr.Cancer 1994;21(2):169-175. View abstract.

Krishnakantha, T. P. and Lokesh, B. R. Scavenging of superoxide anions by spice principles. Indian J Biochem.Biophys. 1993;30(2):133-134. View abstract.

Mabrouk, S. S. and El Shayeb, N. M. Inhibition of aflatoxin formation by some spices. Z.Lebensm.Unters.Forsch. 1980;171(5):344-347. View abstract.

Marotta, R. B. and Floch, M. H. Diet and nutrition in ulcer disease. Med Clin North Am 1991;75(4):967-979. View abstract.

Nalini, N., Manju, V., and Menon, V. P. Effect of spices on lipid metabolism in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. J Med.Food 2006;9(2):237-245. View abstract.

Natarajan, K. S., Narasimhan, M., Shanmugasundaram, K. R., and Shanmugasundaram, E. R. Antioxidant activity of a salt-spice-herbal mixture against free radical induction. J Ethnopharmacol. 4-21-2006;105(1-2):76-83. View abstract.

O'Mahony, R., Al Khtheeri, H., Weerasekera, D., Fernando, N., Vaira, D., Holton, J., and Basset, C. Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 12-21-2005;11(47):7499-7507. View abstract.

Panossian, A., Nikoyan, N., Ohanyan, N., Hovhannisyan, A., Abrahamyan, H., Gabrielyan, E., and Wikman, G. Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1-2):84-91. View abstract.

Pathak, N. and Khandelwal, S. Comparative efficacy of piperine, curcumin and picroliv against Cd immunotoxicity in mice. Biometals 2008;21(6):649-661. View abstract.

Platel, K. and Srinivasan, K. Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung 2000;44(1):42-46. View abstract.

Prasad, N. S., Raghavendra, R., Lokesh, B. R., and Naidu, K. A. Spice phenolics inhibit human PMNL 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2004;70(6):521-528. View abstract.

Pratibha, N., Saxena, V. S., Amit, A., D'Souza, P., Bagchi, M., and Bagchi, D. Anti-inflammatory activities of Aller-7, a novel polyherbal formulation for allergic rhinitis. Int J Tissue React. 2004;26(1-2):43-51. View abstract.

Ramakrishna, Rao R., Platel, K., and Srinivasan, K. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Nahrung 2003;47(6):408-412. View abstract.

Saraswat, M., Muthenna, P., Suryanarayana, P., Petrash, J. M., and Reddy, G. B. Dietary sources of aldose reductase inhibitors: prospects for alleviating diabetic complications. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):558-565. View abstract.

Saraswat, M., Reddy, P. Y., Muthenna, P., and Reddy, G. B. Prevention of non-enzymic glycation of proteins by dietary agents: prospects for alleviating diabetic complications. Br.J Nutr. 2009;101(11):1714-1721. View abstract.

Subehan, Usia, T., Iwata, H., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 5-24-2006;105(3):449-455. View abstract.

Tantaoui-Elaraki, A. and Beraoud, L. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected plant materials. J Environ.Pathol.Toxicol Oncol. 1994;13(1):67-72. View abstract.

Thavara, U., Tawatsin, A., Bhakdeenuan, P., Wongsinkongman, P., Boonruad, T., Bansiddhi, J., Chavalittumrong, P., Komalamisra, N., Siriyasatien, P., and Mulla, M. S. Repellent activity of essential oils against co*ckroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae, and Blaberidae) in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med.Public Health 2007;38(4):663-673. View abstract.

Topal, U., Sasaki, M., Goto, M., and Otles, S. Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2008;59(7-8):619-634. View abstract.

Vasudevan, K., Vembar, S., Veeraraghavan, K., and Haranath, P. S. Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats. Indian J.Gastroenterol. 2000;19(2):53-56. View abstract.

Woo, H. M., Kang, J. H., Kawada, T., Yoo, H., Sung, M. K., and Yu, R. Active spice-derived components can inhibit inflammatory responses of adipose tissue in obesity by suppressing inflammatory actions of macrophages and release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from adipocytes. Life Sci. 2-13-2007;80(10):926-931. View abstract.

65 Navarro, I. T., Vidotto, O., Giraldi, N., and Mitsuka, R. [Resistance of Toxoplasma gondii to sodium chloride and condiments in pork sausage]. Bol.Oficina Sanit.Panam. 1992;112(2):138-143. View abstract.

Agbor, G. A., Vinson, J. A., Oben, J. E., and Ngogang, J. Y. In vitro antioxidant activity of three Piper species. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2007;7(2):49-64. View abstract.

Aher, S., Biradar, S., Gopu, C. L., and Paradkar, A. Novel pepper extract for enhanced P-glycoprotein inhibition. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2009;61(9):1179-1186. View abstract.

Ahmed, M., Rahman, M. W., Rahman, M. T., and Hossain, C. F. Analgesic principle from the bark of Careya arborea. Pharmazie 2002;57(10):698-701. View abstract.

Allameh, A., Saxena, M., Biswas, G., Raj, H. G., Singh, J., and Srivastava, N. Piperine, a plant alkaloid of the piper species, enhances the bioavailability of aflatoxin B1 in rat tissues. Cancer Lett. 1-31-1992;61(3):195-199. View abstract.

Andaya, B. Women and Economic Change: The Pepper Trade in Pre-Modern Southeast Asia. Journal of the Economic & Social History of the Orient 1995;38(2):165-190.

Annis, S. L., Velasquez, L., Xu, H., Hammerschmidt, R., Linz, J., and Trail, F. Novel procedure for identification of compounds inhibitory to transcription of genes involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. J Agric.Food Chem. 2000;48(10):4656-4660. View abstract.

Bai, Y. F. and Xu, H. Protective action of piperine against experimental gastric ulcer. Acta Pharmacol.Sin. 2000;21(4):357-359. View abstract.

Bajad, S., Bedi, K. L., Singla, A. K., and Johri, R. K. Antidiarrhoeal activity of piperine in mice. Planta Med 2001;67(3):284-287. View abstract.

Bajad, S., Bedi, K. L., Singla, A. K., and Johri, R. K. Piperine inhibits gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit in rats and mice. Planta Med 2001;67(2):176-179. View abstract.

Bang, J. S., Oh, da H., Choi, H. M., Sur, B. J., Lim, S. J., Kim, J. Y., Yang, H. I., Yoo, M. C., Hahm, D. H., and Kim, K. S. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine in human interleukin 1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models. Arthritis Res.Ther 2009;11(2):R49. View abstract.

Bano G, Amla V, Raina RK, et al. The effect of piperine on pharmaco*kinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers. Planta Med 1987;53:568-9.

Bano G, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmaco*kinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41;615-7. View abstract.

Bezerra, D. P., Castro, F. O., Alves, A. P., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M. O., Silveira, E. R., Lima, M. A., Elmiro, F. J., and Costa-Lotufo, L. V. In vivo growth-inhibition of Sarcoma 180 by piplartine and piperine, two alkaloid amides from Piper. Braz.J Med Biol.Res. 2006;39(6):801-807. View abstract.

Bezerra, D. P., de Castro, F. O., Alves, A. P., Pessoa, C., de Moraes, M. O., Silveira, E. R., Lima, M. A., Elmiro, F. J., de Alencar, N. M., Mesquita, R. O., Lima, M. W., and Costa-Lotufo, L. V. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of 5-FU combined with piplartine and piperine. J Appl.Toxicol. 2008;28(2):156-163. View abstract.

Bezerra, D. P., Pessoa, C., de Moraes, M. O., Silveira, E. R., Lima, M. A., Elmiro, F. J., and Costa-Lotufo, L. V. Antiproliferative effects of two amides, piperine and piplartine, from Piper species. Z.Naturforsch.C. 2005;60(7-8):539-543. View abstract.

Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50. View abstract.

Capasso, R., Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., Russo, A., Sautebin, L., Pinto, A., Capasso, F., and Mascolo, N. Effect of piperine, the active ingredient of black pepper, on intestinal secretion in mice. Life Sci 9-27-2002;71(19):2311-2317. View abstract.

Catchpole, O. J., Grey, J. B., Perry, N. B., Burgess, E. J., Redmond, W. A., and Porter, N. G. Extraction of chili, black pepper, and ginger with near-critical CO2, propane, and dimethyl ether: analysis of the extracts by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. J Agric.Food Chem. 8-13-2003;51(17):4853-4860. View abstract.

Choi, B. M., Kim, S. M., Park, T. K., Li, G., Hong, S. J., Park, R., Chung, H. T., and Kim, B. R. Piperine protects cisplatin-induced apoptosis via heme oxygenase-1 induction in auditory cells. J Nutr.Biochem. 2007;18(9):615-622. View abstract.

Cohle SD, Trestrail JD III, Graham MA, et al. Fatal pepper aspiration. Am J Dis Child 1988;142:633-6. View abstract.

Comparison of the effects of piperine administered intragastrically and intraperitoneally on the liver and liver mixed-function oxidases in rats. Drug Metabol.Drug Interact. 1991;9(1):23-30. View abstract.

D'Cruz, S. C. and Mathur, P. P. Effect of piperine on the epididymis of adult male rats. Asian J Androl 2005;7(4):363-368. View abstract.

D'Cruz, S. C., Vaithinathan, S., Saradha, B., and Mathur, P. P. Piperine activates testicular apoptosis in adult rats. J Biochem.Mol.Toxicol. 2008;22(6):382-388. View abstract.

D'Hooge, R., Pei, Y. Q., Raes, A., Lebrun, P., van Bogaert, P. P., and de Deyn, P. P. Anticonvulsant activity of piperine on seizures induced by excitatory amino acid receptor agonists. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46(6):557-560. View abstract.

Daware, M. B., Mujumdar, A. M., and Ghaskadbi, S. Reproductive toxicity of piperine in Swiss albino mice. Planta Med 2000;66(3):231-236. View abstract.

Debrauwere, J. and Verzele, M. Constituents of peppers: IV. The hydrocarbons of pepper essential oil. J Chromatogr.Sci 1976;14(6):296-298. View abstract.

Dessirier, J. M., Nguyen, N., Sieffermann, J. M., Carstens, E., and O'Mahony, M. Oral irritant properties of piperine and nicotine: psychophysical evidence for asymmetrical desensitization effects. Chem.Senses 1999;24(4):405-413. View abstract.

Dhuley, J. N., Raman, P. H., Mujumdar, A. M., and Naik, S. R. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by piperine during experimental inflammation in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1993;31(5):443-445. View abstract.

Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:308-16. View abstract.

Duessel, S., Heuertz, R. M., and Ezekiel, U. R. Growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells by plant compounds. Clin Lab Sci. 2008;21(3):151-157. View abstract.

Ebihara, T., Ebihara, S., Maruyama, M., Kobayashi, M., Itou, A., Arai, H., and Sasaki, H. A randomized trial of olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil in older people with swallowing dysfunction. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54(9):1401-1406.View abstract.

El Hamss, R., Idaomar, M., Alonso-Moraga, A., and Munoz, Serrano A. Antimutagenic properties of bell and black peppers. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2003;41(1):41-47. View abstract.

el Mofty, M. M., Soliman, A. A., Abdel-Gawad, A. F., Sakr, S. A., and Shwaireb, M. H. Carcinogenicity testing of black pepper (Piper nigrum) using the Egyptian toad (Bufo regularis) as a quick biological test animal. Oncology 1988;45(3):247-252. View abstract.

el-Mofty MM, Khudoley VV, Shwaireb MH. Carcinogenic effect of force-feeding an extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Egyptian toads (Bufo regularis). Oncology 1991;48:347-50. View abstract.

Eldershaw, T. P., Colquhoun, E. Q., Bennett, K. L., Dora, K. A., and Clark, M. G. Resiniferatoxin and piperine: capsaicin-like stimulators of oxygen uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb. Life Sci 1994;55(5):389-397. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Epstein, W and Netz, D. Isolation of piperine from black pepper. Journal of Chemical Education 1993;70(7):598.

Faas, L., Venkatasamy, R., Hider, R. C., Young, A. R., and Soumyanath, A. In vivo evaluation of piperine and synthetic analogues as potential treatments for vitiligo using a sparsely pigmented mouse model. Br.J Dermatol. 2008;158(5):941-950. View abstract.

Freeman, S., Ebihara, S., Ebihara, T., Niu, K., Kohzuki, M., Arai, H., and Butler, J. P. Olfactory stimuli and enhanced postural stability in older adults. Gait.Posture. 2009;29(4):658-660. View abstract.

Freire-de-Lima, L., Ribeiro, T. S., Rocha, G. M., Brandao, B. A., Romeiro, A., Mendonca-Previato, L., Previato, J. O., de Lima, M. E., de Carvalho, T. M., and Heise, N. The toxic effects of piperine against Trypanosoma cruzi: ultrastructural alterations and reversible blockage of cytokinesis in epimastigote forms. Parasitol.Res. 2008;102(5):1059-1067. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Levin, C. E., Lee, S. U., Lee, J. S., Ohnisi-Kameyama, M., and Kozukue, N. Analysis by HPLC and LC/MS of pungent piperamides in commercial black, white, green, and red whole and ground peppercorns. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-14-2008;56(9):3028-3036. View abstract.

Gevaert, T., Vandepitte, J., Hutchings, G., Vriens, J., Nilius, B., and De Ridder, D. TRPV1 is involved in stretch-evoked contractile changes in the rat autonomous bladder model: a study with piperine, a new TRPV1 agonist. Neurourol.Urodyn. 2007;26(3):440-450. View abstract.

Ghadirian, P., Ekoe, J. M., and Thouez, J. P. Food habits and esophageal cancer: an overview. Cancer Detect.Prev. 1992;16(3):163-168. View abstract.

Ghoshal, S., Prasad, B. N., and Lakshmi, V. Antiamoebic activity of Piper longum fruits against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;50(3):167-170. View abstract.

Gulcin, I. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds. Int.J Food Sci Nutr. 2005;56(7):491-499. View abstract.

Hamada, T. [Studies on the crude drugs used for the folk medicine described in "mimi-bukuro"]. Yakushigaku.Zasshi 1995;30(1):46-53. View abstract.

Han, Y., Chin Tan, T. M., and Lim, L. Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of piperine on P-gp function and expression. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 8-1-2008;230(3):283-289. View abstract.

Hiwale, A. R., Dhuley, J. N., and Naik, S. R. Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmaco*kinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(3):277-281. View abstract.

Hogg JW, Terhune SJ, and Lawrence BM. Essential oils and their constituents 18. Cosmet.Perfum. 1974;89(64):69.

Hu, Y., Guo, D. H., Liu, P., Rahman, K., Wang, D. X., and Wang, B. Antioxidant effects of a Rhodobryum roseum extract and its active components in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats and cardiac myocytes against oxidative stress-triggered damage. Pharmazie 2009;64(1):53-57. View abstract.

Hu, Y., Liao, H. B., Liu, P., Guo, D. H., and Wang, Y. Y. [Antidepressant effects of piperine and its neuroprotective mechanism in rats]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Xue.Bao. 2009;7(7):667-670. View abstract.

Izzo, A. A., Capasso, R., Pinto, L., Di Carlo, G., Mascolo, N., and Capasso, F. Effect of vanilloid drugs on gastrointestinal transit in mice. Br.J Pharmacol. 2001;132(7):1411-1416. View abstract.

Jamwal, D. S. and Singh, J. Effects of piperine on enzyme activities and bioenergetic functions in isolated rat liver mitochondria and hepatocytes. J Biochem.Toxicol. 1993;8(4):167-174. View abstract.

Jeannel, D., Hubert, A., de Vathaire, F., Ellouz, R., Camoun, M., Ben Salem, M., Sancho-Garnier, H., and de The, G. Diet, living conditions and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisia--a case-control study. Int J Cancer 9-15-1990;46(3):421-425. View abstract.

Jensen, H. R., Scott, I. M., Sims, S. R., Trudeau, V. L., and Arnason, J. T. The effect of a synergistic concentration of a Piper nigrum extract used in conjunction with pyrethrum upon gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Insect Mol.Biol. 2006;15(3):329-339. View abstract.

Jensen, H. R., Scott, I. M., Sims, S., Trudeau, V. L., and Arnason, J. T. Gene expression profiles of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to an insecticidal extract of Piper nigrum. J Agric.Food Chem. 2-22-2006;54(4):1289-1295. View abstract.

Jhamandas, K., Yaksh, T. L., Harty, G., Szolcsanyi, J., and Go, V. L. Action of intrathecal capsaicin and its structural analogues on the content and release of spinal substance P: selectivity of action and relationship to analgesia. Brain Res. 7-23-1984;306(1-2):215-225. View abstract.

Jin, Z., Borjihan, G., Zhao, R., Sun, Z., Hammond, G. B., and Uryu, T. Antihyperlipidemic compounds from the fruit of Piper longum L. Phytother.Res. 2009;23(8):1194-1196. View abstract.

Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Ngassoum, M. B., and Geissler, M. Aroma compound analysis of Piper nigrum and Piper guineense essential oils from Cameroon using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography, solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry. J Chromatogr.A 11-8-2002;976(1-2):265-275. View abstract.

Johri, R. K., Thusu, N., Khajuria, A., and Zutshi, U. Piperine-mediated changes in the permeability of rat intestinal epithelial cells. The status of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, uptake of amino acids and lipid peroxidation. Biochem.Pharmacol. 4-1-1992;43(7):1401-1407. View abstract.

Kakarala M, Brenner DE, Korkaya H, Cheng C, Tazi K, Ginestier C, Liu S, Dontu G, Wicha MS. Targeting breast stem cells with the cancer preventive compounds curcumin and piperine. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Aug;122(3):777-85.View abstract.

Kamble VA. Spice derived essential oils: effective antifungal and possible therapeutic agents. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2008;14(3-4):129-143.

Kanaki, N., Dave, M., Padh, H., and Rajani, M. A rapid method for isolation of piperine from the fruits of Piper nigrum Linn. J Nat.Med 2008;62(3):281-283. View abstract.

Kapoor, I. P., Singh, B., Singh, G., De Heluani, C. S., De Lampasona, M. P., and Catalan, C. A. Chemistry and in vitro antioxidant activity of volatile oil and oleoresins of black pepper (Piper nigrum). J Agric.Food Chem. 6-24-2009;57(12):5358-5364. View abstract.

Karekar, V. R., Mujumdar, A. M., Joshi, S. S., Dhuley, J., Shinde, S. L., and Ghaskadbi, S. Assessment of genotoxic effect of piperine using Salmonella typhimurium and somatic and somatic and germ cells of Swiss albino mice. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996;46(10):972-975. View abstract.

Kasibhatta, R. and Naidu, M. U. Influence of piperine on the pharmaco*kinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R.D. 2007;8(6):383-391. View abstract.

Khajuria A, Zutshi U, Bedi KL. Permeability characteristics of piperine on oral absorption-an active alkaloid from peppers and a bioavailability enhancer. Indian J Exp Biol 1998;36:46-50. View abstract.

Khajuria, A., Thusu, N., Zutshi, U., and Bedi, K. L. Piperine modulation of carcinogen induced oxidative stress in intestinal mucosa. Mol.Cell Biochem. 1998;189(1-2):113-118. View abstract.

Kim, S. H. and Lee, Y. C. Piperine inhibits eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness by suppressing T cell activity and Th2 cytokine production in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2009;61(3):353-359. View abstract.

Kong, L. D., Cheng, C. H., and Tan, R. X. Inhibition of MAO A and B by some plant-derived alkaloids, phenols and anthraquinones. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;91(2-3):351-355. View abstract.

Koul, I. B. and Kapil, A. Evaluation of the liver protective potential of piperine, an active principle of black and long peppers. Planta Med 1993;59(5):413-417. View abstract.

Kozukue, N., Park, M. S., Choi, S. H., Lee, S. U., Ohnishi-Kameyama, M., Levin, C. E., and Friedman, M. Kinetics of light-induced cis-trans isomerization of four piperines and their levels in ground black peppers as determined by HPLC and LC/MS. J Agric.Food Chem. 8-22-2007;55(17):7131-7139. View abstract.

Krishnakumar, N., Manoharan, S., Palaniappan, P. R., Venkatachalam, P., and Manohar, M. G. Chemopreventive efficacy of piperine in 7,12-dimethyl benz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis: an FT-IR study. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2009;47(11):2813-2820. View abstract.

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Kumar, S., Singhal, V., Roshan, R., Sharma, A., Rembhotkar, G. W., and Ghosh, B. Piperine inhibits TNF-alpha induced adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial monolayer through suppression of NF-kappaB and IkappaB kinase activation. Eur.J Pharmacol. 12-1-2007;575(1-3):177-186. View abstract.

Lawless, H. and Stevens, D. A. Effects of oral chemical irritation on taste. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(6):995-998. View abstract.

Lee, S. A., Hong, S. S., Han, X. H., Hwang, J. S., Oh, G. J., Lee, K. S., Lee, M. K., Hwang, B. Y., and Ro, J. S. Piperine from the fruits of Piper longum with inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase and antidepressant-like activity. Chem.Pharm.Bull (Tokyo) 2005;53(7):832-835. View abstract.

Lee, S. E., Park, B. S., Bayman, P., Baker, J. L., Choi, W. S., and Campbell, B. C. Suppression of ochratoxin biosynthesis by naturally occurring alkaloids. Food Addit.Contam 2007;24(4):391-397. View abstract.

Lee, S. W., Kim, Y. K., Kim, K., Lee, H. S., Choi, J. H., Lee, W. S., Jun, C. D., Park, J. H., Lee, J. M., and Rho, M. C. Alkamides from the fruits of Piper longum and Piper nigrum displaying potent cell adhesion inhibition. Bioorg.Med Chem.Lett. 8-15-2008;18(16):4544-4546. View abstract.

Lee, S. W., Rho, M. C., Park, H. R., Choi, J. H., Kang, J. Y., Lee, J. W., Kim, K., Lee, H. S., and Kim, Y. K. Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by alkamides isolated from the fruits of Piper longum and Piper nigrum. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-27-2006;54(26):9759-9763. View abstract.

Li, M. and Liu, Z. In vitro effect of Chinese herb extracts on caries-related bacteria and glucan. J Vet.Dent. 2008;25(4):236-239. View abstract.

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Malini, T., Arunakaran, J., Aruldhas, M. M., and Govindarajulu, P. Effects of piperine on the lipid composition and enzymes of the pyruvate-malate cycle in the testis of the rat in vivo. Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int. 1999;47(3):537-545. View abstract.

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Manoharan, S., Balakrishnan, S., Menon, V. P., Alias, L. M., and Reena, A. R. Chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin and piperine during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Singapore Med.J 2009;50(2):139-146. View abstract.

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Miyauchi, T., Ishikawa, T., Sugish*ta, Y., Saito, A., and Goto, K. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of piperine and development of cross-tachyphylaxis between piperine and capsaicin in the isolated rat atria. J Pharmacol.Exp.Ther 1989;248(2):816-824. View abstract.

Mohtar, M., Johari, S. A., Li, A. R., Isa, M. M., Mustafa, S., Ali, A. M., and Basri, D. F. Inhibitory and resistance-modifying potential of plant-based alkaloids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Curr.Microbiol. 2009;59(2):181-186. View abstract.

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Mujumdar, A. M., Dhuley, J. N., Deshmukh, V. K., Raman, P. H., Thorat, S. L., and Naik, S. R. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1990;28(5):486-487. View Abstract.

Munakata, M., Kobayashi, K., Niisato-Nezu, J., Tanaka, S., Kakisaka, Y., Ebihara, T., Ebihara, S., Haginoya, K., Tsuchiya, S., and Onuma, A. Olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil facilitates oral feeding in pediatric patients receiving long-term enteral nutrition. Tohoku J Exp.Med 2008;214(4):327-332. View abstract.

Myers, B. M., Smith, J. L., and Graham, D. Y. Effect of red pepper and black pepper on the stomach. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82(3):211-214. View abstract.

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Ngamo, L. S., Ngassoum, M. B., Jirovetz, L., Ousman, A., Nukenine, E. C., and Mukala, O. E. Protection of stored maize against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) by use of essential oils of spices from Cameroon. Meded.Rijksuniv.Gent Fak.Landbouwkd.Toegep.Biol.Wet. 2001;66(2a):473-478. View abstract.

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Rauscher, F. M., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of piperine on antioxidant pathways in tissues from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem.Mol.Toxicol. 2000;14(6):329-334. View abstract.

Reen, R. K., Roesch, S. F., Kiefer, F., Wiebel, F. J., and Singh, J. Piperine impairs cytochrome P4501A1 activity by direct interaction with the enzyme and not by down regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in the rat hepatoma 5L cell line. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1-17-1996;218(2):562-569. View abstract.

Reen, R. K., Wiebel, F. J., and Singh, J. Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in V79 Chinese hamster cells genetically engineered to express rat cytochrome P4502B1. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;58(3):165-173. View abstract.

Rentmeister-Bryant, H. and Green, B. G. Perceived irritation during ingestion of capsaicin or piperine: comparison of trigeminal and non-trigeminal areas. Chem.Senses 1997;22(3):257-266. View abstract.

Rho, M. C., Lee, S. W., Park, H. R., Choi, J. H., Kang, J. Y., Kim, K., Lee, H. S., and Kim, Y. K. ACAT inhibition of alkamides identified in the fruits of Piper nigrum. Phytochemistry 2007;68(6):899-903. View abstract.

Ribeiro, T. S., Freire-de-Lima, L., Previato, J. O., Mendonca-Previato, L., Heise, N., and de Lima, M. E. Toxic effects of natural piperine and its derivatives on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg.Med Chem.Lett. 7-5-2004;14(13):3555-3558. View abstract.

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Saxena, R., Venkaiah, K., Anitha, P., Venu, L., and Raghunath, M. Antioxidant activity of commonly consumed plant foods of India: contribution of their phenolic content. Int.J Food Sci Nutr. 2007;58(4):250-260. View abstract.

Schneider, N. G., Olmstead, R., Mody, F. V., Doan, K., Franzon, M., Jarvik, M. E., and Steinberg, C. Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addiction 1995;90(12):1671-1682. View abstract.

Schulz, H., Baranska, M., Quilitzsch, R., Schutze, W., and Losing, G. Characterization of peppercorn, pepper oil, and pepper oleoresin by vibrational spectroscopy methods. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-4-2005;53(9):3358-3363. View abstract.

Scott, I. M., Gagnon, N., Lesage, L., Philogene, B. J., and Arnason, J. T. Efficacy of botanical insecticides from Piper species (Piperaceae) extracts for control of Ruropean chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Econ.Entomol. 2005;98(3):845-855. View abstract.

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Selvendiran, K. and Sakthisekaran, D. Chemopreventive effect of piperine on modulating lipid peroxidation and membrane bound enzymes in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis. Biomed.Pharmacother. 2004;58(4):264-267. View abstract.

Selvendiran, K., Banu, S. M., and Sakthisekaran, D. Oral supplementation of piperine leads to altered phase II enzymes and reduced DNA damage and DNA-protein cross links in Benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2005;268(1-2):141-147. View abstract.

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Selvendiran, K., Padmavathi, R., Magesh, V., and Sakthisekaran, D. Preliminary study on inhibition of genotoxicity by piperine in mice. Fitoterapia 2005;76(3-4):296-300. View abstract.

Selvendiran, K., Prince Vijeya, Singh J., and Sakthisekaran, D. In vivo effect of piperine on serum and tissue glycoprotein levels in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Pulm.Pharmacol.Ther 2006;19(2):107-111. View abstract.

Selvendiran, K., Senthilnathan, P., Magesh, V., and Sakthisekaran, D. Modulatory effect of Piperine on mitochondrial antioxidant system in Benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(1):85-89. View abstract.

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Selvendiran, K., Thirunavukkarasu, C., Singh, J. P., Padmavathi, R., and Sakthisekaran, D. Chemopreventive effect of piperine on mitochondrial TCA cycle and phase-I and glutathione-metabolizing enzymes in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2005;271(1-2):101-106. View abstract.

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